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PubChem
| Name: | Thalidomide |
|---|---|
| PubChem Compound ID: | 11139757 |
| Description: | A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppresive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action. |
| Molecular formula: | C13H10N2O4 |
| Molecular weight: | 257.23 g/mol |
DrugBank
Identification
| Name: | Thalidomide |
|---|---|
| Name (isomeric): | DB01041 |
| Drug Type: | small molecule |
| Description: | A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppresive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action. |
| Synonyms: |
alpha-phthalimidoglutarimide; Thalidomine USP26; N-Phthaloylglutamimide; N-Phthalimidoglutamic acid imide; N-Phthalylglutamic acid imide
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| Brand: | Sedin, Pantosediv, Glutanon, Contergan, Thalin, Distaval, Imidan, Neufatin, Theophilcholine, Asidon 3, Shinnibrol, Kevadon, Polygripan, Predni-Sediv, Telargan, Isomin, Asmadion, Sedalis, Noxodyn, Pangul, Neo, Valgis, Gastrinide, Nerosedyn, Poly-Giron, Neosydyn, Sedisperil, Softenil, Distoval, Valgraine, Talargan, Sleepan, Thalinette, Psycholiquid, Sandormin, Distaxal, Sedimide, Psychotablets, Noctosediv, Telagan, Sedalis sedi-lab, Neurosedym, Calmore, Imidene, Neurosedyn, Nibrol, Imida-Lab, Bonbrain, Enterosediv, Nevrodyn, Pro-ban M, Yodomin, Neosedyn, Quietoplex, Quetimid, Slipro, Corronarobetin, Ectiluran, Calmorex, Telargean, Bonbrrin, Grippex, Kedavon, Neaufatin, Hippuzon, Glupan, Lulamin, Talismol, Talimol, Algosediv, Tensival, Neurodyn, Sedoval, Thalomid, Neurosedin, Softenon, Shin-naito S, Asmaval, Profarmil |
| Category: | Teratogens, Angiogenesis Inhibitors, Immunosuppressive Agents, Leprostatic Agents |
| CAS number: | 50-35-1 |
Pharmacology
| Indication: | For the acute treatment of the cutaneous manifestations of moderate to severe erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL). Also for use as maintenance therapy for prevention and suppression of the cutaneous manifestations of ENL recurrence. |
|---|---|
| Pharmacology: |
Thalidomide is an immunomodulatory agent with a spectrum of activity that is not fully characterized. Thalidomide is racemic — it contains both left and right handed isomers in equal amounts: one enantiomer is effective against morning sickness, and the other is teratogenic. The enantiomers are converted to each other in vivo. That is, if a h...
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| Mechanism of Action: |
In patients with erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) the mechanism of action is not fully understood. Available data from in vitro studies and preliminary clinical trials suggest that the immunologic effects of this compound can vary substantially under different conditions, but may be related to suppression of excessive tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TN...
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| Absorption: | The absolute bioavailability has not yet been characterized in human subjects due to its poor aqueous solubility. In studies of both healthy volunteers and subjects with Hansen’s disease, the mean time to peak plasma concentrations (Tmax) ranged from 2.9 to 5.7 hours indicating that thalidomide is slowly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. |
| Protein binding: | 55% and 66% for the (+)R and (−)S enantiomers, respectively. |
| Biotransformation: | Thalidomide itself does not appear to be hepatically metabolized to any large extent, but appears to undergo non-enzymatic hydrolysis in plasma to multiple metabolites. Thalidomide may be metabolized hepatically by enzymes of the cytochrome P450 enzyme system. The end product of metabolism, phthalic acid, is excreted as a glycine conjugate. |
| Route of elimination: | Thalidomide itself has less than 0.7% of the dose excreted in the urine as unchanged drug. |
| Half Life: | The mean half-life of elimination ranges from approximately 5 to 7 hours following a single dose and is not altered upon multiple dosing. |
| Toxicity: | The R-configuration and the S-configuration are more toxic individually than the racemic mixture. The LD50 could not be established in mice for racemic thalidomide, whereas LD50 values for the R and S configurations are reported to be 0.4 to 0.7 g/kg and 0.5 to 1.5 g/kg, respectively. |
| Affected organisms: | Humans and other mammals |
Interactions
| Drug interaction: |
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Targets
Enzymes
