Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences.
Rinshō shinkeigaku = Clinical neurology 2012Malfunctions of the basal ganglia cause movement disorders, such as Parkinson's disease and dystonia. Several models have been proposed to explain the pathophysiology of these disorders: (1) Firing rate model: activity imbalance between the direct and indirect pathways changes the mean firing rate of output nuclei of the basal ganglia and induces hypokinetic or hyperkinetic movement disorders; (2) Firing pattern model: oscillatory and/or synchronized activity observed in the basal ganglia disturbs information processing in the basal ganglia, resulting in motor symptoms; (3) Dynamic activity model: movement-related activity changes through the direct and indirect pathways disrupt balance between movement-related inhibition and surrounding excitation in the output nuclei, and induce motor symptoms. Each model will be critically discussed in this review.
Atsushi Nambu. Pathophysiology of movement disorders]. Rinshō shinkeigaku = Clinical neurology. 2012;52(11):1198-200
PMID: 23196562
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