Hepatopulmonary syndrome is a serious pulmonary vascular complication in patients with chronic liver disease. It constitutes a triad of chronic liver disease, increased alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient, and evidence of intrapulmonary shunt (IPS). The diagnosis of IPS can be made by bubble echocardiography, technetium-99m-labeled macroaggregated albumin ((99m)Tc-MAA) scintigraphy or pulmonary arteriography. Though echocardiography is a sensitive screening test, MAA scintigraphy can also quantify the extent of shunting.
Devaki Shilpa Surasi, Padma Manapragada, Pradeep Bhambhvani. Lung perfusion imaging in hepatopulmonary syndrome using (99m)Tc macroaggregated albumin. Journal of nuclear cardiology : official publication of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology. 2015 Jun;22(3):586-8
PMID: 25164140
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