Synthesis and Diels-Alder Reactivity of 4-Fluoro-4-Methyl-4H-Pyrazoles.

Nile S Abularrage, Brian J Levandowski, Ronald T Raines

International journal of molecular sciences 2020 May 31

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4H-Pyrazoles are emerging scaffolds for "click" chemistry. Late-stage fluorination with Selectfluor® is found to provide a reliable route to 4-fluoro-4-methyl-4H-pyrazoles. 4-Fluoro-4-methyl-3,5-diphenyl-4H-pyrazole (MFP) manifested 7-fold lower Diels-Alder reactivity than did 4,4-difluoro-3,5-diphenyl-4H-pyrazole (DFP), but higher stability in the presence of biological nucleophiles. Calculations indicate that a large decrease in the hyperconjugative antiaromaticity in MFP relative to DFP does not lead to a large loss in Diels-Alder reactivity because the ground-state structure of MFP avoids hyperconjugative antiaromaticity by distorting into an envelope-like conformation like that in the Diels-Alder transition state. This predistortion enhances the reactivity of MFP and offsets the decrease in reactivity from the diminished hyperconjugative antiaromaticity.

Citation

Nile S Abularrage, Brian J Levandowski, Ronald T Raines. Synthesis and Diels-Alder Reactivity of 4-Fluoro-4-Methyl-4H-Pyrazoles. International journal of molecular sciences. 2020 May 31;21(11)