Microwave assisted methacrylation of Kappa carrageenan: A bioink for cartilage tissue engineering.

Gülnihal Tok İlhan, Gülseren Irmak, Menemşe Gümüşderelioğlu

International journal of biological macromolecules 2020 Dec 01

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In this study, we aimed to obtain stable Kappa carrageenan (κCar) hydrogel that could be used as a bioink for cartilage regeneration. For this purpose, we described an effective and considerably faster methacrylation process by using microwave energy. Thus, microwave-methacrylated κCar (Mw-κCar-MA) with ≥85% degree of methacrylation (DM) was synthesized despite the use of a low concentration of methacrylic anhydride (MA) at 1000 W in 5 min. Then, Mw-κCar-MA was photo-crosslinked by only using UV irradiation for 40 s. Characterization studies proved that Mw-κCar-MA hydrogels were stronger and have lower weight loss (~20% at 30 days) than that of conventionally synthesized κCar-MA hydrogels. Viscosities of the Mw-κCar-MA hydrogels were found to be sufficient to use in 3D bioprinters. Furthermore, Mw-κCar-MA hydrogels enhanced the viability, proliferation, and GAG deposition of ATDC5 chondrogenic cells. Therefore, we proposed that Mw-κCar-MA can be considered as a suitable bioink for cartilage tissue engineering. Copyright © 2020. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Citation

Gülnihal Tok İlhan, Gülseren Irmak, Menemşe Gümüşderelioğlu. Microwave assisted methacrylation of Kappa carrageenan: A bioink for cartilage tissue engineering. International journal of biological macromolecules. 2020 Dec 01;164:3523-3534