Classic models for the development and evolution of ant castes struggle to explain recent empirical results. Here, we propose an hourglass model compatible with all existing data, providing a formal, falsifiable framework for future study. This illustrates how phenotypic variation can be used to infer underlying developmental and genetic architecture. Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Waring Trible, Daniel J C Kronauer. Hourglass Model for Developmental Evolution of Ant Castes. Trends in ecology & evolution. 2021 Feb;36(2):100-103
PMID: 33339591
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