Diagnosis and Staging of Bladder Cancer.

Cystoscopic examination remains the gold standard technique for initial diagnosis of bladder cancer (BCa). Despite significant progress in enhanced cystoscopic techniques, blue light cystoscopy and narrow band imaging are the only ones well supported by high-level evidence and, if available, should be used during initial staging of BCa. Multiparametric MRI could be an important imaging tool in local staging of BCa. With ever-expanding targeted therapy and immunotherapy options in both muscle-invasive and non-muscle-invasive BCa, molecular subtyping could become an essential part of initial histologic staging in the near future. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Citation

Hamed Ahmadi, Vinay Duddalwar, Siamak Daneshmand. Diagnosis and Staging of Bladder Cancer. Hematology/oncology clinics of North America. 2021 Jun;35(3):531-541

Mesh Tags

PMID: 33958149

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