Laminin G1 residues of protein S mediate its TFPI cofactor function and are competitively regulated by C4BP.

Adrienn Teraz-Orosz, Magdalena Gierula, Anastasis Petri, David Jones, Renos Keniyopoullos, Patricia Badia Folgado, Salvatore Santamaria, James T B Crawley, David A Lane, Josefin Ahnström

Blood advances 2022 Jan 25

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Protein S is a cofactor in the tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) anticoagulant pathway. It enhances TFPIα-mediated inhibition of factor (F)Xa activity and generation. The enhancement is dependent on a TFPIα-protein S interaction involving TFPIα Kunitz 3 and protein S laminin G-type (LG)-1. C4b binding protein (C4BP), which binds to protein S LG1, almost completely abolishes its TFPI cofactor function. However, neither the amino acids involved in TFPIα enhancement nor the mechanisms underlying the reduced TFPI cofactor function of C4BP-bound protein S are known. To screen for functionally important regions within protein S LG1, we generated 7 variants with inserted N-linked glycosylation attachment sites. Protein S D253T and Q427N/K429T displayed severely reduced TFPI cofactor function while showing normal activated protein C (APC) cofactor function and C4BP binding. Based on these results, we designed 4 protein S variants in which 4 to 6 surface-exposed charged residues were substituted for alanine. One variant, protein S K255A/E257A/D287A/R410A/K423A/E424A, exhibited either abolished or severely reduced TFPI cofactor function in plasma and FXa inhibition assays, both in the presence or absence of FV-short, but retained normal APC cofactor function and high-affinity C4BP binding. The C4BP β-chain was expressed to determine the mechanisms behind the reduced TFPI cofactor function of C4BP-bound protein S. Like C4BP-bound protein S, C4BP β-chain-bound protein S had severely reduced TFPI cofactor function. These results show that protein S Lys255, Glu257, Asp287, Arg410, Lys423, and Glu424 are critical for protein S-mediated enhancement of TFPIα and that binding of the C4BP β-chain blocks this function. © 2022 by The American Society of Hematology. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), permitting only noncommercial, nonderivative use with attribution. All other rights reserved.

Citation

Adrienn Teraz-Orosz, Magdalena Gierula, Anastasis Petri, David Jones, Renos Keniyopoullos, Patricia Badia Folgado, Salvatore Santamaria, James T B Crawley, David A Lane, Josefin Ahnström. Laminin G1 residues of protein S mediate its TFPI cofactor function and are competitively regulated by C4BP. Blood advances. 2022 Jan 25;6(2):704-715