ARF (also known as p14ARF in the human and p19ARF in the mouse) is an alternative transcript of the INK4a/ARF tumour-suppressor locus that encodes p16INK4a, an inhibitor of cyclin dependent kinases. ARFs are tumour suppressors participating in p53-dependent or independent pathways that restrain abnormal cell growth and maintain genomic stability. ARF interacts with MDM2 and neutralizes MDM2's inhibition of p53. Mdm2 may also regulate ARF turnover by mediating its degradation through the proteasome. p14ARF has also been shown to interact with E2F factors to form p14ARF-E2F/partner-DNA complexes repressing E2F-dependent transcription.