QuickView for Minocycline (compound)

Summary
General Info

PubChem

PubChem Compound 11396950

Name:	Minocycline
PubChem Compound ID:	11396950
Description:	A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.
Molecular formula:	C₂₃H₂₇N₃O₇
Molecular weight:	457.477 g/mol

DrugBank

Identification

Name:	Minocycline
Name (isomeric):	DB01017
Drug Type:	small molecule
Description:	A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.
Brand:	Klinomycin, Minocin, Gen-Minocycline, Vectrin, Solodyn, Minociclina [INN-Spanish], Dynacin, Novo-Minocycline, Arestin, Minomycin, Apo-Minocycline, Minocyclinum [INN-Latin], Minocycline HCl, Minocyn, Minocyclin, Alti-Minocycline
Category:	Anti-Bacterial Agents, Tetracyclines
CAS number:	10118-90-8

Pharmacology

Indication:	For the treatment of infections caused by susceptible strains of microorganisms, such as Rocky Mountain spotted fever, typhus fever and the typhus group, Q fever, rickettsial pox and tick fevers caused by Rickettsiae, upper respiratory tract infections caused by <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> and for the treatment of asymptomatic carriers of <i>Neisseria meningitidis</i>.
Pharmacology:	Minocycline, the most lipid soluble and most active tetracycline antibiotic, is, like doxycycline, a long-acting tetracycline. Minocycline's effects are related to the inhibition of protein synthesis. Although minocycline's broader spectrum of activity, compared to other members of the group, includes activity against Neisseria meningitidis,... show more » Minocycline, the most lipid soluble and most active tetracycline antibiotic, is, like doxycycline, a long-acting tetracycline. Minocycline's effects are related to the inhibition of protein synthesis. Although minocycline's broader spectrum of activity, compared to other members of the group, includes activity against Neisseria meningitidis, its use as a prophylaxis is no longer recomended because of side effects (dizziness and vertigo). Current research is examining the possible neuroprotective effects of minocycline against progression of Huntington's Disease, an inherited neurodegenerative disorder. The neuroprotective action of minocycline may include its inhibitory effect on 5-lipoxygenase, an inflammatory enzyme associated with brain aging. show less «
Mechanism of Action:	Minocycline passes directly through the lipid bilayer or passively diffuses through porin channels in the bacterial membrane. Tetracyclines like minocycline bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit, preventing the binding of tRNA to the mRNA-ribosome complex and interfering with protein synthesis.
Absorption:	Rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and absorption is not significantly impaired by ingestion of food or milk. Oral bioavailability is 100%.
Protein binding:	55% to 76%
Biotransformation:	Hepatic.
Half Life:	11-22 hours
Toxicity:	Minocycline has been observed to cause a dark discoloration of the thyroid in experimental animals (rats, minipigs, dogs and monkeys). In the rat, chronic treatment with minocycline has resulted in goiter accompanied by elevated radioactive iodine uptake and evidence of thyroid tumor production. Minocycline has also been found to produce thyroid hyperplasia in rats and dogs. LD₅₀=2380 mg/kg (rat, oral), LD₅₀=3600 mg/kg (mouse, oral)
Affected organisms:	Enteric bacteria and other eubacteria

Interactions

Food interaction:

Calcium and iron needs increased with long term use.

Take with food.

Do not take Aluminum or magnesium antacids or supplements while on this medication.

Drug interaction:

Bismuth Subsalicylate	Formation of non-absorbable complexes
Tazobactam	Possible antagonism of action
Isotretinoin	Increased risk of intracranial hypertension
Calcium	Formation of non-absorbable complexes
Magnesium salicylate	Formation of non-absorbable complexes

Bismuth Subsalicylate	Formation of non-absorbable complexes
Tazobactam	Possible antagonism of action
Isotretinoin	Increased risk of intracranial hypertension
Calcium	Formation of non-absorbable complexes
Magnesium salicylate	Formation of non-absorbable complexes
Oxacillin	Possible antagonism of action
Etretinate	Increased risk of intracranial hypertension
Mezlocillin	Possible antagonism of action
Nafcillin	Possible antagonism of action
Penicillin V	Possible antagonism of action
Cloxacillin	Possible antagonism of action
Bexarotene	Tetracycline derivatives like minocycline may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Retinoic Acid Derivatives. Due to the risk of developing pseudotumor cerebri (also known as intracranial hypertension), avoid this combination of drugs if possible. If used concomitantly, monitor for evidence of this interaction (eg, dizziness, diplopia, headache).
Carbenicillin	Possible antagonism of action
Ampicillin	Possible antagonism of action
Calcium Chloride	Calcium salts such as calcium chloride may decrease the serum concentration of tetracycline derivatives such as minocycline. In general, the coadministration of oral calcium salts and oral tetracycline derivatives should be avoided. Interactions may be able to be minimized by administering oral calcium preparations several hours before or after the dose of the oral tetracycline derivatives. Even with dose separation, therapy may still be compromised. Monitor for decreased therapeutic effect of oral tetracycline derivatives.
Pivmecillinam	Possible antagonism of action
Mestranol	This anti-infectious agent could decrease the effect of the oral contraceptive
Colesevelam	Bile acid sequestrants such as colesevelam may decrease the absorption of Tetracycline Derivatives. Monitor for decreased therapeutic effects of tetracycline derivatives if coadministered with a bile acid sequestrant. If these agents are used concomitantly, separate doses 2 or more hours to minimize the interaction. The manufacturer of colesevelam suggests that drugs should be administered at least 1 hour before or 4 hours after colesevelam.
Acitretin	Increased risk of intracranial hypertension.
Amoxicillin	Possible antagonism of action
Dicloxacillin	Possible antagonism of action
Anisindione	The tetracycline, minocycline, may increase the anticoagulant effect of anisindione.
Trisalicylate-choline	Formation of non-absorbable complexes
Methoxyflurane	The tetracycline, minocycline, may increase the renal toxicity of methoxyflurane.
Clavulanate	Possible antagonism of action
Flucloxacillin	Possible antagonism of action
Tretinoin	Minocycline may increase the adverse effects of oral Tretinoin. Increase risk of pseudotumour cerebri. Concurrent therapy should be avoided.
Acenocoumarol	The tetracycline, minocycline, may increase the anticoagulant effect of acenocoumarol.
Hetacillin	Possible antagonism of action
Iron	Formation of non-absorbable complexes
Penicillin G	Possible antagonism of action
Magnesium oxide	Formation of non-absorbable complexes
Warfarin	The tetracycline, minocycline, may increase the anticoagulant effect of warfarin.
Piperacillin	Possible antagonism of action
Zinc	Formation of non-absorbable complexes
Magnesium	Formation of non-absorbable complexes
Pivampicillin	Possible antagonism of action
Bacampicillin	Possible antagonism of action
Ethinyl Estradiol	This anti-infectious agent could decrease the effect of the oral contraceptive
Aluminium	Formation of non-absorbable complexes
Attapulgite	Formation of non-absorbable complexes
Ticarcillin	Minocycline may reduce the effect of Ticarcillin by inhibiting bacterial growth. Ticarcillin exerts its effects on actively growing bacteria. To achieve synergism, Ticarcillin should be administered at least 2 hours prior to using Minocycline.
Cyclacillin	Possible antagonism of action
Aztreonam	Possible antagonism of action
Dicumarol	The tetracycline, minocycline, may increase the anticoagulant effect of dicumarol.
Calcium Acetate	Calcium salts such as calcium acetate may decrease the serum concentration of tetracycline derivatives such as minocycline. In general, the coadministration of oral calcium salts and oral tetracycline derivatives should be avoided. Interactions may be able to be minimized by administering oral calcium preparations several hours before or after the dose of the oral tetracycline derivatives. Even with dose separation, therapy may still be compromised. Monitor for decreased therapeutic effect of oral tetracycline derivatives.
Iron Dextran	Formation of non-absorbable complexes
Azlocillin	Possible antagonism of action
Methicillin Acyl-Serine	Possible antagonism of action

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Targets

30S ribosomal protein S9

30S ribosomal protein S4

16S rRNA

Interleukin-1 beta

Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase

Matrix metalloproteinase-9

Vascular endothelial growth factor A

Caspase-1

Caspase-3

Cytochrome c

Transporters

Solute carrier family 22 member 6

Solute carrier family 22 member 8

Solute carrier family 22 member 11

Solute carrier family 22 member 7