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QuickView for Glutathione (compound)
PubChem
| Name: | Glutathione |
|---|---|
| PubChem Compound ID: | 10566814 |
| Description: | A tripeptide with many roles in cells. It conjugates to drugs to make them more soluble for excretion, is a cofactor for some enzymes, is involved in protein disulfide bond rearrangement and reduces peroxides. |
| Molecular formula: | C10H17N3O6S |
| Molecular weight: | 309.31 g/mol |
DrugBank
Identification
| Name: | Glutathione |
|---|---|
| Name (isomeric): | DB00143 |
| Drug Type: | small molecule |
| Description: | A tripeptide with many roles in cells. It conjugates to drugs to make them more soluble for excretion, is a cofactor for some enzymes, is involved in protein disulfide bond rearrangement and reduces peroxides. |
| Synonyms: |
5-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine; N-(N-gamma-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteinyl)glycine; Gluthathione; GSH; gamma-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine
|
| Brand: | Copren, Neuthion, Tathion, Ledac, Isethion |
| Brand name mixture: | Amo Endosol Extra(Calcium Chloride + Dextrose + Glutathione Disulfide + Magnesium Chloride + Potassium Chloride + Sodium Bicarbonate + Sodium Chloride + Sodium Phosphate Dibasic), BSS Plus(Calcium Chloride + Dextrose + Glutathione Disulfide + Magnesium Chloride + Potassium Chloride + Sodium Bicarbonate + Sodium Chloride + Sodium Phosphate Dibasic) |
| Category: | Micronutrient, Dietary supplement |
| CAS number: | 70-18-8 |
Pharmacology
| Indication: | For nutritional supplementation, also for treating dietary shortage or imbalance |
|---|---|
| Mechanism of Action: |
Glutathione (GSH) participates in leukotriene synthesis and is a cofactor for the enzyme glutathione peroxidase. It is also important as a hydrophilic molecule that is added to lipophilic toxins and waste in the liver during biotransformation before they can become part of the bile. Glutathione is also needed for the detoxification of methylglyoxal...
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Glutathione (GSH) participates in leukotriene synthesis and is a cofactor for the enzyme glutathione peroxidase. It is also important as a hydrophilic molecule that is added to lipophilic toxins and waste in the liver during biotransformation before they can become part of the bile. Glutathione is also needed for the detoxification of methylglyoxal, a toxin produced as a by-product of metabolism. This detoxification reaction is carried out by the glyoxalase system. Glyoxalase I catalyzes the conversion of methylglyoxal and reduced glutathione to S-D-Lactoyl-glutathione. Glyoxalase II catalyzes the conversion of S-D-Lactoyl Glutathione to Reduced Glutathione and D-lactate. GSH is known as a cofactor in both conjugation reactions and reduction reactions, catalyzed by glutathione S-transferase enzymes in cytosol, microsomes, and mitochondria. However, it is capable of participating in non-enzymatic conjugation with some chemicals, as it is hypothesized to do to a significant extent with n-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI), the reactive cytochrome P450 reactive metabolite formed by toxic overdose of acetaminophen. Glutathione in this capacity binds to NAPQI as a suicide substrate and in the process detoxifies it, taking the place of cellular protein sulfhydryl groups which would otherwise be toxically adducted. The preferred medical treatment to an overdose of this nature, whose efficacy has been consistently supported in literature, is the administration (usually in atomized form) of N-acetylcysteine, which is used by cells to replace spent GSSG and allow a usable GSH pool.
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| Absorption: | Research suggests that glutathione is not orally bioactive, and that very little of oral glutathione tablets or capsules is actually absorbed by the body. |
| Toxicity: | ORL-MUS LD50 5000 mg/kg, IPR-MUS LD50 4020 mg/kg, SCU-MUS LD50 5000 mg/kg, IVN-RBT LD50 > 2000 mg/kg, IMS-MUS LD50 4000 mg/kg |
| Affected organisms: | Humans and other mammals |
Targets
Also functions as a glutathione peroxidase
| UniProt ID: | O14880 | |
|---|---|---|
| Gene: | MGST3 | |
| Actions: | unknown | |
| References: |
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Catalyzes the conversion of PGH2 to PGD2, a prostaglandin involved in smooth muscle contraction/relaxation and a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation
| UniProt ID: | O60760 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gene: | HPGDS | ||||||
| Actions: | unknown | ||||||
| References: |
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Possesses significant protein thiol-disulfide oxidase activity
| UniProt ID: | O95881 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Gene: | TXNDC12 | ||
| Actions: | unknown | ||
| References: |
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Conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles
| UniProt ID: | P08263 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gene: | GSTA1 | ||||
| Actions: | unknown | ||||
| References: |
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Conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles
| UniProt ID: | P09210 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gene: | GSTA2 | |||||
| Actions: | unknown | |||||
| References: |
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Conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles. Has a wide substrate specificity
| UniProt ID: | P10620 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Gene: | MGST1 | ||
| Actions: | unknown | ||
| References: |
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Serine hydrolase involved in the detoxification of formaldehyde
| UniProt ID: | P10768 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gene: | ESD | |||||
| Actions: | unknown | |||||
| References: |
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Initiates extracellular glutathione (GSH) breakdown, provides cells with a local cysteine supply and contributes to maintain intracelular GSH level. It is part of the cell antioxidant defense mechanism. Catalyzes the transfer of the glutamyl moiety of glutathione to amino acids and dipeptide acceptors. Alternatively, glutathione can be hydrolyzed to give Cys-Gly and gamma glutamate. Isoform 3 seems to be inactive
| UniProt ID: | P19440 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gene: | GGT1 | |||||
| Actions: | unknown | |||||
| References: |
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Conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles
| UniProt ID: | P28161 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gene: | GSTM2 | |||||
| Actions: | unknown | |||||
| References: |
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Has a glutathione-disulfide oxidoreductase activity in the presence of NADPH and glutathione reductase. Reduces low molecular weight disulfides and proteins
| UniProt ID: | P35754 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gene: | GLRX | |||||
| Actions: | unknown | |||||
| References: |
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Could play a major role in protecting mammals from the toxicity of ingested lipid hydroperoxides. Essential for embryonic development. Protects from radiation and oxidative damage
| UniProt ID: | P36969 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gene: | GPX4 | |||||
| Actions: | cofactor | |||||
| References: |
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Conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles
| UniProt ID: | P46439 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gene: | GSTM5 | ||||
| Actions: | unknown | ||||
| References: |
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2 glutathione + H(2)O(2) = glutathione disulfide + 2 H(2)O
| UniProt ID: | P59796 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gene: | GPX6 | |||||
| Actions: | cofactor | |||||
| References: |
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Thiolesterase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of S-D- lactoyl-glutathione to form glutathione and D-lactic acid
| UniProt ID: | Q16775 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gene: | HAGH | |||||
| Actions: | unknown | |||||
| References: |
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| UniProt ID: | Q6NSD4 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gene: | GPX1 | |||||
| Actions: | unknown | |||||
| References: |
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| UniProt ID: | Q6PI42 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gene: | GPX4 | |||||
| Actions: | cofactor | |||||
| References: |
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| UniProt ID: | Q8TED1 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Gene: | GPX8 | ||
| Actions: | unknown | ||
| References: |
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2 glutathione + H(2)O(2) = glutathione disulfide + 2 H(2)O
| UniProt ID: | Q96SL4 | |
|---|---|---|
| Gene: | GPX7 | |
| Actions: | cofactor | |
| References: |
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Can catalyze the production of LTC4 from LTA4 and reduced glutathione. Can catalyze the conjugation of 1-chloro-2,4- dinitrobenzene with reduced glutathione
| UniProt ID: | Q99735 | |
|---|---|---|
| Gene: | MGST2 | |
| Actions: | unknown | |
| References: |
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RX + glutathione = HX + R-S-glutathione
| UniProt ID: | Q9H4Y5 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gene: | GSTO2 | |||||
| Actions: | unknown | |||||
| References: |
|
Glutathione-dependent oxidoreductase that facilitates the maintenance of mitochondrial redox homeostasis upon induction of apoptosis by oxidative stress. Involved in response to hydrogen peroxide and regulation of apoptosis caused by oxidative stress. Acts as a very efficient catalyst of monothiol reactions because of its high affinity for protein glutathione-mixed disulfides. Can receive electrons not only from glutathione (GSH), but also from thioredoxin reductase supporting both monothiol and dithiol reactions. Efficiently catalyzes both glutathionylation and deglutathionylation of mitochondrial complex I, which in turn regulates the superoxide production by the complex. Overexpression decreases the susceptibility to apoptosis and prevents loss of cardiolipin and cytochrome c release
| UniProt ID: | Q9NS18 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gene: | GLRX2 | |||
| Actions: | unknown | |||
| References: |
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Catalyzes the conversion of hemimercaptal, formed from methylglyoxal and glutathione, to S-lactoylglutathione
| UniProt ID: | Q04760 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Gene: | GLO1 | ||
| Actions: | unknown | ||
| References: |
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Catalyzes the conjugation of leukotriene A4 with reduced glutathione to form leukotriene C4
| UniProt ID: | Q16873 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Gene: | LTC4S | ||
| Actions: | unknown | ||
| References: |
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Maintains high levels of reduced glutathione in the cytosol
| UniProt ID: | P00390 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gene: | GSR | |||||
| Actions: | unknown | |||||
| References: |
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| UniProt ID: | P48637 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gene: | GSS | |||||
| Actions: | unknown | |||||
| References: |
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Conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles
| UniProt ID: | P09488 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gene: | GSTM1 | |||||
| Actions: | unknown | |||||
| References: |
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Significant glutathione conjugating activity is found only with the model substrate, 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB)
| UniProt ID: | Q9Y2Q3 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gene: | GSTK1 | ||||
| Actions: | unknown | ||||
| References: |
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Conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles. Catalyzes isomerization reactions that contribute to the biosynthesis of steroid hormones. Efficiently catalyze obligatory double-bond isomerizations of delta(5)-androstene-3,17-dione and delta(5)- pregnene-3,20-dione, precursors to testosterone and progesterone, respectively
| UniProt ID: | Q16772 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gene: | GSTA3 | ||||||
| Actions: | unknown | ||||||
| References: |
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Conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles. May govern uptake and detoxification of both endogenous compounds and xenobiotics at the testis and brain blood barriers
| UniProt ID: | P21266 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Gene: | GSTM3 | ||
| Actions: | unknown | ||
| References: |
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Conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles. This isozyme has a high catalytic efficiency with 4-hydroxyalkenals such as 4- hydroxynonenal (4-HNE)
| UniProt ID: | O15217 | |
|---|---|---|
| Gene: | GSTA4 | |
| Actions: | unknown | |
| References: |
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Conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles. Active on 1- chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene
| UniProt ID: | Q03013 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gene: | GSTM4 | ||||||
| Actions: | unknown | ||||||
| References: |
|
| UniProt ID: | Q7RTV2 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gene: | GSTA5 | |||||
| Actions: | unknown | |||||
| References: |
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Conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles
| UniProt ID: | P09211 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Gene: | GSTP1 | ||
| Actions: | unknown | ||
| References: |
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Exhibits glutathione-dependent thiol transferase and dehydroascorbate reductase activities
| UniProt ID: | P78417 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Gene: | GSTO1 | ||
| Actions: | unknown | ||
| References: |
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Protects the hemoglobin in erythrocytes from oxidative breakdown
| UniProt ID: | P07203 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gene: | GPX1 | |||||
| Actions: | cofactor | |||||
| References: |
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Could play a major role in protecting mammals from the toxicity of ingested organic hydroperoxides. Tert-butyl hydroperoxide, cumene hydroperoxide and linoleic acid hydroperoxide but not phosphatidycholine hydroperoxide, can act as acceptors
| UniProt ID: | P18283 | |
|---|---|---|
| Gene: | GPX2 | |
| Actions: | cofactor | |
| References: |
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Conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles. Acts on 1,2- epoxy-3-(4-nitrophenoxy)propane, phenethylisothiocyanate 4- nitrobenzyl chloride and 4-nitrophenethyl bromide. Displays glutathione peroxidase activity with cumene hydroperoxide
| UniProt ID: | P30711 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gene: | GSTT1 | |||||
| Actions: | unknown | |||||
| References: |
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Bifunctional enzyme showing minimal glutathione- conjugating activity with ethacrynic acid and 7-chloro-4- nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole and maleylacetoacetate isomerase activity. Has also low glutathione peroxidase activity with T- butyl and cumene hydroperoxides. Is able to catalyze the glutathione dependent oxygenation of dichloroacetic acid to glyoxylic acid
| UniProt ID: | O43708 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gene: | GSTZ1 | |||||
| Actions: | unknown | |||||
| References: |
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Protects cells and enzymes from oxidative damage, by catalyzing the reduction of hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxides and organic hydroperoxide, by glutathione. May constitute a glutathionine peroxidase-like protective system against peroxide damage in sperm membrane lipids
| UniProt ID: | O75715 | |
|---|---|---|
| Gene: | GPX5 | |
| Actions: | cofactor | |
| References: |
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Protects cells and enzymes from oxidative damage, by catalyzing the reduction of hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxides and organic hydroperoxide, by glutathione
| UniProt ID: | P22352 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Gene: | GPX3 | ||
| Actions: | cofactor | ||
| References: |
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Enzymes
Conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles
| UniProt ID: | P09210 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Gene: | GSTA2 | ||
| Actions: | substrate | ||
| References: |
|
Conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles
| UniProt ID: | P08263 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Gene: | GSTA1 | ||
| Actions: | substrate | ||
| References: |
|
Transporters
May participate directly in the active transport of drugs into subcellular organelles or influence drug distribution indirectly. Confers resistance to anticancer drugs. Transports LTC4. May protect milk against xenobiotics
| UniProt ID: | P33527 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gene: | ABCC1 | ||||
| Actions: | substrate, inhibitor | ||||
| References: |
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Mediates hepatobiliary excretion of numerous organic anions. May function as a cellular cisplatin transporter
| UniProt ID: | Q92887 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gene: | ABCC2 | |||||
| Actions: | substrate, inhibitor | |||||
| References: |
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May act as an inducible transporter in the biliary and intestinal excretion of organic anions
| UniProt ID: | O15438 | |
|---|---|---|
| Gene: | ABCC3 | |
| Actions: | substrate | |
| References: |
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May be an organic anion pump relevant to cellular detoxification
| UniProt ID: | O15439 | |
|---|---|---|
| Gene: | ABCC4 | |
| Actions: | substrate | |
| References: |
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Acts as a multispecific organic anion pump which can transport nucleotide analogs
| UniProt ID: | O15440 | |
|---|---|---|
| Gene: | ABCC5 | |
| Actions: | substrate | |
| References: |
|
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